Hedley Bull And the Presence of the International Society Essay

Hedley Bull And the Presence of the International Society - Essay Example This report focuses on that there are circumstances where notwithstanding a war occurring, no state can accomplish triumph, subsequently arriving at an impasse. Under such conditions, both of these states play a functioning job in guaranteeing that the request is held inside the worldwide society on the grounds that long wars may prompt the breakdown of the state. This paper has endeavored to concur with Hedley Bull’s articulation that the worldwide society has consistently been a piece of the world political framework. The worldwide society has been founded on the activities of states to ensure that their chief advantages are provided food for while simultaneously securing their reality. Moreover, inside the world political framework, the global society has been in presence essentially through the impact of ground-breaking states over more vulnerable ones. In addition, since the beginning, the world has been commanded by a need to guarantee a level of influence so the state frameworks that had created could be secured. It is additionally basic to take note of that the worldwide society has been created through the readiness of states to guarantee that they stick to global laws. Moreover, tact assumes an essential job in the arrangement of a universal society since it takes into account the advancement of consistent contact between the administrations of various states. At long last, in spite of its disorderly nature, war has consistently been a significant factor in the arrangement of global society since the beginning as observed through the different clashes between states that have in the long run brought about stable frameworks.

A Picture of Ministry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Picture of Ministry - Assignment Example individuals to join the service was for them to satisfy God’s will, for instance, lecture the uplifting news and free the individuals held in subjugation (Tidball, 2008). In that capacity, ministers ought to implore that their proclaiming of the gospel is reliable, honest, and patent. Truth be told, it is significant that ministers change the service by imitating the missional service of Paul. In spite of the fact that he was a persecutor of Christians before changing, he is among the most referenced priests of the expression of God. For him, it is significant for ministers to put stock in what they lecture, so that, their crowd could likewise accept. The service should concentrate on Jesus Christ, and not the ministers. Along these lines, the ministers are workers of God (Stevens, 2001). Service in the present world depicts some differentiating highlights when contrasted with the hours of Jesus. From such a unique circumstance, contemporary service has concentrated on insiders, though Jesus’ service was on the untouchables. Truth be told, Jesus saw insiders as fit to go to paradise, however the outcasts required the service more than they required the insiders for them to arrive at their level. Current clergymen, along these lines, center around fulfilling the necessities of their individuals. There is an avocation of the equivalent; individuals are paying pastors’ pay rates (Tidball, 2008). In this specific situation, at that point, ministers qualify as workers, which is a critical differentiation to Jesus’ service. As bosses of the congregation, at that point, ministers will one day be responsible of how they directed their service. Concentrating on the insiders implies that ministers are utilizing the gathering to keep up their profession, to the detriment of the outcasts who require hearing the expression of God (Devers, and Alexander, 2005). Priests are to imitate lessons clear about Jesus’ service, and spotlight on outcasts as opposed to insiders. In spite of the fact that embracing Jesus’ service may experience firm obstruction, however as pioneers, ministers should open up and demonstrate their anxiety to outcasts in regard to their profound government assistance (Devers and Alexander,

Sublimation in Behavioral Psychology

Sublimation in Behavioral Psychology Basics Print Sublimation in Behavioral Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on January 15, 2020 Bettman / Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming We all experience unwanted impulses or urges from time to time. How we deal with those feelings, however, can mean the difference between acceptable or unacceptable behaviors. Acting on these urges in the wrong way can be inappropriate, so finding ways to deal with such desires is critical. One way that people deal with such urges through a process that is known in psychology as sublimation. Through sublimation, people are able to transform unwanted impulses into something that is less harmful and often even helpful. How Does Sublimation Work? Consider what might happen if you find yourself overcome with anger. Having an emotional blow-up is one way of dealing with such feelings. But such expressions of emotion can be harmful in more ways than one. You might find yourself with damaged relationships and a reputation as a hothead. Rather than fly off in a fit of rage, what if you channeled those angry emotions into some type of physical activity, such as cleaning your house? You might spend a few hours angrily scrubbing down your kitchen and bathrooms. Once your feelings of frustration eventually subside, you are left with a positive resultâ€"a sparkling clean house. This is one example of how sublimation can transform negative impulses into behaviors that are less damaging and even productive. Sublimation in Psychoanalysis The concept of sublimation plays an important role in Sigmund Freuds psychoanalytic theory. Sublimation is a type of defense mechanism, an unconscious psychological defense that reduces the anxiety that might result from unacceptable urges or harmful stimuli.?? According to Freuds psychoanalytic theory, there are three components of personality. The id is the first to form and serves as the source of the libido or the energy that drives behavior. The id is primitive and basic, composed of all the urges and desires that are often socially unacceptable if we simply acted upon them whenever we pleased. The ego emerges later during childhood and is the part of the personality that reigns in the id and makes it conform to the demands of reality. Rather than simply acting out on urges, the ego forces us to deal with these desires in ways that are more realistic. Finally, the superego is the component of personality that is made up of all the morals, rules, standards, and values that we have internalized from our parents and culture. This part of personality strives to make us behave in ways that are moral. The ego must then mediate between the primal urges of the id, the moralistic standards of the superego, and the realistic demands of reality. Sublimation is one of these ways that the ego reduces the anxiety that can be created by unacceptable urges or feelings. Sublimation works by channeling negative and unacceptable impulses into behaviors that are positive and socially acceptable. Freud considered sublimation a sign of maturity that allows people to behave in civilized and acceptable ways. This process can lead people to pursue activities that are better for their health or engage in behaviors that are positive, productive, and creative.?? Freuds idea of sublimation originated while he was reading the story of a man who tortured animals as a child and later went on to become a surgeon. Freud believed that the same energy that once drove the childs sadism was eventually sublimated into positive and socially acceptable actions that benefited others. Examples of Sublimation Participation in sports and athletic competition can sometimes be examples of sublimation in action. Rather than acting on unacceptable urges to fight with others, people may play competitive sports in order to dominate and win. This can also extend to exercise activity as well. Imagine that you get in an argument with your next-door neighbor. Your feelings of anger might create an urge to physically strike out at the neighbor. Because such action is inappropriate, you might deal with your feelings of frustration by going for a jog. Through sublimation, you are able to turn your unwanted impulses into an action that dissipates your anger and benefits your own physical health.?? Some other examples of sublimation in the real world:  You feel an urge to be unfaithful to your partner. Rather than act on these unacceptable urges, you channel your feelings into doing projects around the yard.You become distraught at the end of a relationship. In order to deal with these negative emotions, you begin writing poetry. You are able to transfer your heartbreak and emotional upset into a creative activity.You are reprimanded by your manager at work. You feel fearful that you might lose your job, but you decide to walk home from work in order to think and release your frustrations. This activity not only gives you time to cool off and reflect; it also benefits your physical health.You have an almost obsessive need to have control over even the smallest details in your life. You sublimate this energy into becoming a successful business owner and leader. Research on Sublimation In a 2013 study published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, researchers looked at whether Protestants were more likely to sublimate taboo feelings into creative endeavors. They found that individuals who experienced sexual problems related to anxieties over taboo desires were more likely to also have greater creative accomplishments than those who reported no sexual problems or those with sexual problems unrelated to taboo feelings. The researchers suggest that their studies represent possibly the first experimental evidence for sublimation and suggest a cultural psychological approach to defense mechanisms.?? How Can Sublimation Influence Your Life So what role might the process of sublimation have in your life? As Freud suggested, sublimation is usually considered a healthy and mature way of dealing with urges that may be undesirable or unacceptable. Rather than act out in ways that may cause us or others harm, sublimation allows us to channel that energy into things that are beneficial. This defense mechanism can actually end up having a positive effect on your health and wellness. It is important to remember that sublimation is not always obvious because it operates at a subconscious level. While we sometimes might be able to see how our negative feelings can drive us to act in certain ways, we are often very much unaware of such things. We may be even less aware of the underlying defense mechanisms that are at work. There also may not be a direct correlation between the cause of the negative emotion and the behavior that results from sublimation. While are earlier examples showed anger being sublimated into physical action, such feelings could result in a variety of behaviors. Frustration and anger might lead to a person engaging in a relaxing hobby such as fishing or painting, for example.?? A Word From Verywell Sublimation can be a powerful influence on behavior, although one of which we are largely unaware. Even though this defense mechanism may operate on a subconscious level, you can take inspiration from it by intentionally finding ways to substitute more healthy and productive behaviors for harmful ones.

Brewing Beer at the White House - First Homebrewer President

Lots of American presidents enjoyed their booze, and many brewed their own beer. George Washington was well known as a  home brewer and made  his own porter and whiskey at Mount Vernon. Thomas Jefferson did the same thing at  Monticello. But  the first American president known to have brewed his own beer on the grounds of the White House in  Washington, D.C. was Barack Obama, who made porter and ale beginning in his first term. As far as we know the White House Honey Brown Ale is the first alcohol brewed or distilled on the White House grounds, wrote  Sam Kass, the White House senior policy adviser on  nutrition  policy, in September 2012. George Washington brewed beer and distilled whiskey at Mount Vernon and Thomas Jefferson made wine but theres no evidence that any beer has been brewed in the White House. Obama as Home Brewer Obama began brewing beer in 2011 after the president bought his first home-brewing kit. He started brewing beer because he was in search of a hobby, according  to  published reports. Shortly after his home-brewing activities were made public, the  American Homebrewers Association made Obama a lifetime member. Though beer has long been part of the country’s history and traditions, Obama made history when, as president, he purchased a homebrewing kit and then — alongside chef Kass — spearheaded the effort to brew White House Honey Ale, the first beer known to have been brewed in the White House, the association wrote. About the Obama White House Beer The Obama staff made at least three difference styles of beer: a brown ale, a porter, and a blonde ale. All three were brewed with honey that was drawn from a beehive on the South Lawn of the White House. The honey gives the beer a rich aroma and a nice finish but it doesnt sweeten it, the White House said of the ingredient. The names of the  Obama White House beers were: White House Honey Brown AleWhite House Honey PorterWhite House Honey Blonde When Obama ran for a second term in  the 2012 presidential election, he  stocked his campaign buses with the White House brews. While  the White House brewed  the beer, it did not market or sell the beer publicly. It did,  however, publish the recipes for likeminded home brewers to try. Both the brown ale and honey porter were given good marks by fellow home brewers. Remarked Ray Daniels, in an interview with Bloomberg Businessweek:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"They are both pretty malty and on the sweeter side of the scale in overall balance. That will certainly make them crowd pleasers or at least unobjectionable to a broad range of people.† Wrote critic Gary Dzen in The Boston Globe: The White House knew what they were doing when they brewed this beer. Its approachable enough to serve to casual beer enthusiasts but flavorful enough to be interesting to those of us who know what we want our beer to taste like. Why Beer for Obama Obama is a beer drinker who was known to invite members of Congress and other important figures in American politics to the White House to talk and quaff a brew or two. In 2009, for example, Obama called what came to be known as a beer summit between himself,  Vice President Joe Biden, Harvard professor Henry Louis Gates Jr., and Cambridge, Mass. police Sergeant James Crowley.  Obama invited the men to the White House to talk over beers after police in Crowleys force arrested  Gates at his home.

Performance Management And Appraisal Management - 2611 Words

One of many ways in order to measure and achieve organisational goals is through performance management and appraisal. According to Armstrong and Baron (2004) performance management is a process which contributes to the effective management of individuals and teams in order to achieve high levels of organisational performance. As such, it establishes shared understanding about what is to be achieved and an approach to leading and developing people which will ensure that it is achieved . Executed correctly, performance management can be an impressive method to target involvement and contribution, therefore, helping to achieve organisational goals. However, if line managers and HR professionals do not carry out their correct roles and responsibilities, it can lead to disengaged staff members, encouragement of unproductive tasks, wasted time and effort, and poor decisions. This essay will critically discuss, further, how performance management and appraisal contributes in achieving org anisational goals and the importance of continuous performance management. Performance management is an ongoing process which ensures employees contribute towards achieving organisation’s goals. CIPD insist that performance management should be about ‘performance improvement’ ‘development’ and ‘managing behaviour’. They also believe ‘Performance management is a process, not an event. It operates as a continuous cycle.’ However, organisations often see performance management as an annual taskShow MoreRelatedPerformance Management and Appraisal10885 Words   |  44 PagesPERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT AND APPRAISAL A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by in partial fulfillment o f the requirement for the award of the degree Of MBA IN HUMAN RESOURECE MANAGEMENT INDEX SR.NO TOPIC PAGE NO 1. INTRODUCTION 2. PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT 3. PROCESS OF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT 4. PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL 5. COMPANY PROFILE- KMC CONSTRUCTION LTD. 6. CONCLUSION Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO PERFORMANCERead MorePerformance Appraisal : Performance Management857 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Define Performance Appraisal/Explain Performance Appraisal Performance Management â€Å"aims to improve organisational, functional, unit and individual performance by linking the objectives of each† Stone (2013). In order to gain this control, information and a formal review process is required in order to determine individual employee performance. This is when Performance Appraisal is then utilised. Stone (2013) defines performance appraisal as an overall measure of organisationalRead MoreThe Importance Of Performance Management And Appraisal Management Essay1748 Words   |  7 Pageskey importance of performance management and appraisal management in an organization, respectively. Both managerial processes have its own identification when it comes to the importance of being addressed by managers and the organization. In order for an organization to have success there have to be a good performance, since poor performance will derail the organization’s progression to succeed. Additionally, there is performance appraisal, whic h normally stems from the performance of employees andRead MorePerformance Management And Performance Appraisal1899 Words   |  8 Pages1. Introduction 1.1. Performance management and performance appraisal The definition of the term ‘performance management’ varies in different literatures. As Hutchinson(2013) summed up, combined with Den Harton’s theory(2004), it is a continuous process which links individual and team objectives with organizational goals by measure and improve employee’s skill and performance. According to Armstrong (2012), human resource management aims at making sure the organization has the most talented, skilledRead MorePerformance Appraisal- Management Procedure1068 Words   |  4 PagesPerformance appraisals are an essential element of the general performance management procedure. A performance management structure involves having an appraisal technique or method, substantiated by job types, colloquial and continuous feedback, leadership training, performance expectations, punitive policies, as well as employee productivity and acknowledgement. In addition, both positive and negative feedback are elements that are instrumental in the a rena of performance management. However, theRead MorePerformance Appraisal Instruments : Performance Management1131 Words   |  5 Pages Performance Appraisal Instruments Performance Management Human Resource Management â€Æ' Performance Appraisal Instruments (Performance Management) An overview According to Zweig (1991), performance appraisal instruments are tools that are used to measure the performance of employees in the workplace. They are used to put employees up against one another or a predetermined standard, and the appraiser is required to give an evaluation. Practical and effective performance appraisal instruments areRead MoreArticle: Performance Appraisal and Performance Management35812 Words   |  144 PagesBusiness and Management (IOSRJBM) ISSN: 2278-487X Volume 3, Issue 5 (Sep,-Oct. 2012), PP 01-06 www.iosrjournals.org From Performance Appraisal to Performance Management 1 Ms. Leena Toppo, 2Dr. (Mrs.) Twinkle Prusty 1,2 (Faculty of Commerce, Banaras Hindu University, INDIA) ABSTRACT: Performance appraisal and performance management were one of the emerging issues since last decade. Many organizations have shifted from employee’s performance appraisal system to employee’s performance managementRead MoreEffect Of Management On Performance Appraisal2016 Words   |  9 Pagesprior to the time of the evaluation and overshadows all other incidents. Another error is a contrast error which exists when people are rated relative to other people instead of against performance standards. They mentioned organizational influences whereby management shows insufficient commitment to performance appraisal. Normally under organizational influences there are error of central tendency and no money effect. Berman et al. (2016) mentioned human nature where they argued that when managers mustRead MoreEssay about Performance management Performance appraisal2152 Words   |  9 Pagesresources department are individual and organizational learning, individual and organizational performance. Human resource management should possess a good management systems and fr amework; ensure human ability is all used to achieve organization goals. Include strategic human resources management, equal employment opportunity, staffing, talent management and development, total rewards, risk management and worker protection, employee and labor relations. The best organizations understand that managingRead MoreThe Difference between Performance Management and Performance Appraisal24271 Words   |  98 Pages8 Performance Management and Appraisal Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter you should be able to: 8.1 Discuss the difference between performance management and performance appraisal 8.2 Identify the necessary characteristics of accurate performance management tools 8.3 List and briefly discuss the purposes for performance appraisals 8.4 Identify and briefly discuss the options for â€Å"what† is evaluated in a performance appraisal 8.5 Briefly discuss the

A Guide to Critical and Creative Free Essays

Similar illness in one community suggests that there must be a connection between the environment and the illnesses. Acting on that hunch, I would conduct interviews with the families and people that are affected. All ideas and procedures in this easy can be found in chapter 10. We will write a custom essay sample on A Guide to Critical and Creative or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Ruggiero, 2012). I would ask them when did the symptoms start and what their official diagnosis, if any, has their doctor gave them. The assumptions that the land itself has to be the source of the contamination could hinder the investigation. To critically think about the issue I will have to brainstorm some questions to be answered. What company or companies built the houses? Who was in charge of overseeing the building codes? What companies were the building materials bought from? Is this company following all rules of the EPA? What industries are close by? What do they produce and what is their environmental impact? At this time, I cannot assume that everyone will be open for interviews or share my passion for investigating the issue. I will keep in mind that some of the information will be hear-say or secondhand information that may not be accurate. This type of information may lead to more interviews to check the source of the information. I would do research at the library to check maps of the area before it was developed. The court house would have information about the land to look into also. Close by communities that have been developed years earlier may hold clues. I would ask around in those communities for a few leads on whom I may interview there. The symptoms and diagnosis of the people involved was the first clue as to what is the common denominator of this issue. Investigating the land before it was developed may lead to answers. This was the first assumption or hunch. The answers received from this part of the investigation may not match up to the symptoms that could arise from the state of the land before it was developed. The next investigation would involve the materials that the homes are built out of. Even if the same contractor did not build all the houses, I must find out if the contractors may have used a common supplier. All through the investigation, the symptoms and illness must match the possible causes. To critically think about the issue, all possibilities must be considered. It could be that two materials that by themselves are harmless, were used together to create a harmful environment. It is possible that the contractors may not want to speak about their practices concerning the development of this community. This would be the time to look for ex-employees to interview. I may face criticism for my efforts to find the cause of the illnesses. The criticism may be very helpful to my investigation. No matter how much I think I am correct or perfect, there is always room for more information and improvement. I must take into consideration how my ideas match up with the information collected with both positive and negative feedback. Trying to save face and convincing people that my ideas are correct are not important. My curiosity will lead me to ask questions that lead to answers that lead to more questions. I will fight the erg to become trapped by my previous miscalculations. The facts in the case and the process of elimination will help lead the way. I must stay open to the possibilities that a previous eliminated cause or idea may still have a role to play in solving the problem. Similar illness in one community suggests that there must be a connection between the environment and the illnesses. Acting on that hunch, I would conduct interviews with the families and people that are affected. All ideas and procedures in this easy can be found in chapter 10. (Ruggiero, 2012). I would ask them when did the symptoms start and what their official diagnosis, if any, has their doctor gave them. The assumptions that the land itself has to be the source of the contamination could hinder the investigation. To critically think about the issue I will have to brainstorm some questions to be answered. What company or companies built the houses? Who was in charge of overseeing the building codes? What companies were the building materials bought from? Is this company following all rules of the EPA? What industries are close by? What do they produce and what is their environmental impact? At this time, I cannot assume that everyone will be open for interviews or share my passion for investigating the issue. I will keep in mind that some of the information will be hear-say or secondhand information that may not be accurate. This type of information may lead to more interviews to check the source of the information. I would do research at the library to check maps of the area before it was developed. The court house would have information about the land to look into also. Close by communities that have been developed years earlier may hold clues. I would ask around in those communities for a few leads on whom I may interview there. The symptoms and diagnosis of the people involved was the first clue as to what is the common denominator of this issue. Investigating the land before it was developed may lead to answers. This was the first assumption or hunch. The answers received from this part of the investigation may not match up to the symptoms that could arise from the state of the land before it was developed. The next investigation would involve the materials that the homes are built out of. Even if the same contractor did not build all the houses, I must find out if the contractors may have used a common supplier. All through the investigation, the symptoms and illness must match the possible causes. To critically think about the issue, all possibilities must be considered. It could be that two materials that by themselves are harmless, were used together to create a harmful environment. It is possible that the contractors may not want to speak about their practices concerning the development of this community. This would be the time to look for ex-employees to interview. I may face criticism for my efforts to find the cause of the illnesses. The criticism may be very helpful to my investigation. No matter how much I think I am correct or perfect, there is always room for more information and improvement. I must take into consideration how my ideas match up with the information collected with both positive and negative feedback. Trying to save face and convincing people that my ideas are correct are not important. My curiosity will lead me to ask questions that lead to answers that lead to more questions. I will fight the erg to become trapped by my previous miscalculations. The facts in the case and the process of elimination will help lead the way. I must stay open to the possibilities that a previous eliminated cause or idea may still have a role to play in solving the problem. How to cite A Guide to Critical and Creative, Papers

Dissertation Proposal Management

Question: Write an essay on Corporate Social Responsibility and financial performance? Answer: Introduction As indicated by monetary hypothesis, there exists one overlying goal of an organization: to boost the estimation of shareholder's riches. This goal is clear and supplements the monetary enthusiasm of shareholders. Then again, organizations are affected by partners other than shareholders, constituents who are regularly persuaded by non-financial hobbies, for example, the organization's effect on the group and environment. With such a variety of clashing hobbies and objectives of partners, the meaning of CSR is not generally clear ('9Th International Conference On Corporate Social Responsibility'). With the end goal of this study, it will characterize CSR as like, the activities that seem to further some social great, past the hobby of the firm and that which is needed by law. Understanding this definition requires the acknowledgment that CSR strategies are activities that go past complying with the law to absolutely sway society (the group, environment, representatives and so forth). Thus, a company that enhances the prosperity of workers by actualizing sound whistles blowing techniques, for instance, is not being socially dependable, but instead submitting to the law. Corporate social obligation programs incorporate activities to enhance the earth, group, and lives of the considerable number of partners of an association. The simply express that a company is socially mindful and resides in approaches to decidedly affect society is not adequate proof of cement CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) methodologies are needed. One illustration of an organization that takes part in a multidimensional CSR methodology is McDonald's, the world's biggest chain of fast food eateries. Four particular CSR activities of the organization are manageable inventory network methodologies, natural obligation, customer prosperity, and corporate magnanimity. McDonald's makes an economical production network by buying from suppliers that take after practices that guarantee the wellbeing what's more, security of their workers and the welfare and sympathetic treatment of animals. By doing as such, the organization picks suppliers by norms more than what is supplied, yet how the items are supplied. Second, McDonald's has cooperated with the Ecological Defense Fund (EDF) in the year of 1989 to enhance the organization's natural foot shaped impression. One particular task included the EDF helping McDonald's upgrade its bundling, bringing about the end of 150,000 tons of bundling waste (BertoneÃÅ'â‚ ¬che and Knight). Third, McDonald's affects the prosperity of their shoppers by the posting calorie data on eatery and drive-through list of options countrywide, notwithstanding when it is not yet needed by the FDA. In conclusion, McDonald's has been the biggest corporate contributor to Ronald McDonald House Foundations, a not revenue driven association that gives lodging to families with discriminatingly sick or harmed kids who must go to satisfy their restorative needs. McDonald's lifts or increasing cash for RMHC by giving a part of its benefits, holding yearly pledge drives, urging workers to volunteer, and giving every last bit of its benefits from its offers of USA Today. Mutually, these four CSR activities influence the greater part of the organization's partners, either straightforwardly or in a roun dabout way. Whether such activities are gainful to the money related execution of the business an immediate effect to all partners will be analyzed in this study. The notoriety for moral practices in the business and bookkeeping callings hit an unequaled low as far as buyer certainty and trust amid between the years of 2001 and 2002. To start with, the Enron embarrassment surfaced in late 2001, subsequent in the loss of a large number of employments, life funds, and homes in the United States. At that point, in 2002, the quantity of untrustworthy business practices pinnacled with a taking off 20 instances of corporate negligence, agreeing to Forbes. The partners of associations or any gathering that can influence or be influenced by the activities of the association, including clients, workers, suppliers, government, lenders, group, environment, and speculators reacted to these occasions by requesting that enterprises commit more assets to CSR measures to retouch the discolored noto riety of the calling. Problem Statement In respect of the provided case study or mention scholarly research paper is easily propose to look at the connection between CSR programs and Corporate Financial Performance (CFP). More in particular, by the help of the help of the research is analyze whether the usage of CSR projects is connected with expanded deals and gross edge over the long haul (Zu). In 1970, Milton Friedman lighted a vigorous civil argument with the above quote in the New York Times that is still being questioned. On the surface of his contention, it gives the idea that Friedman accepts organizations ought not to receive CSR programs in light of the fact that they are outside the benefit making degree and are pointless uses. Advancing more profound into his contention, it is uncovered that Mr. Friedman bolsters the joining of CSR projects into business operations, yet just on the off chance that it emphatically affects productivity over the long haul. Mr. John Mackey, in the same way as other pundits of Mr. F riedman, accepts Mr. Friedman's perspective is excessively centered on speculators and contends that partnerships have a social obligation to its different partners, regardless of the possibility that such obligation involves a penance in benefits. This study serves to strip off these communism and free enterprise inclinations on social obligation to demonstrate the objective, money related effects of CSR projects. According to the mention research paper has suggestions for chiefs, the recipients of CSR projects (environment, group, shoppers, workers, and partners), and future examination. In the course of recent years, there has been an exceptional increment in usage of CSR programs from associations of all sizes. The increment in uses to upgrade the social obligations of partnerships recommends chiefs discover an advantage in CSR usage (Warren, Reeve and Fess). Consequently, this study endeavors to give data on the effect of CSP on budgetary execution that administrators can use to structure business methodologies to expand future returns. On the off chance that directors are occupied with putting resources into social obligation activities, this study predicts how their associations will be affected monetarily and portrays procedures directors can utilize to fulfill their constituents. Future research in the region of corporate social obligation may consider how CSR activities sway monetary execution crosswise over distinctive businesses, whether CSR projects increase the value of elusive resources, for example, brand, and how straightforwardness of CSR reporting effects partner choices and, eventually, budgetary execution. Background The requirement for set up social obligations and moral structures in business has turn into a fundamental need in our present society. This mentality is upheld by the actuality that the quantity of the most no doubt understood worldwide partnerships coordinating CSR programs into their business operations has never been more prominent. The conspicuousness of CSR activities today indicate that administrators' impression of such arrangements have moved from a superfluous expansion to a basic business capacity. An extensive, multidimensional CSR project comprises of three noteworthy classes like natural, social, and administration. Inside of every classification are particular CSR activities ('The Social Responsibility Research Network'). The activities underneath are all consolidated into the CSP estimation of the CSR information set. Hypotheses There is a plenitude of examination on CSP and CFP, no study has analyzed the latest years in between of a period and took a gander at CSP's effect on contrast measures of offers. In light of the examination for each of the three conceivable relationships in the Writing Survey, there is more grounded backing for a positive relationship in the middle of CSP and budgetary execution. Likewise, I structure my speculation to bolster a positive relationship in the middle of CSP and deals measures as following in below. Enhanced CSR execution prompts an increment in deals. Enhanced CSR execution prompts an increment in gross edge. As earlier studies recommend that organizations harvest a monetary advantage from taking part in CSR programs ('The Social Responsibility Research Network'). According to the Mr. Orlitzky et al in the year of 2003, contended that another financial advantage of CSR projects is an increment in income. As talked about in above studies have indicated that CSR activities lead to an increment in client base on the grounds that clients are willing to switch brands for an organization that backings a reason, which deciphers into expansions in income. Furthermore, clients construct self-character through utilization decisions, and will switch to brands with viable CSR activities to upgrade their self characters. Regardless of the possibility those organizations choose to expand costs of items/administrations to counterbalance the expense increment of CSR usage in the short-run, it recommend that the expense of the premium is not exactly the included estimation of the CSR projects to buyers, a nd hence customers are as yet willing to switch brands and client base increments. Since I expect in this study that increments in CSR uses prompts expanded CSP, it recommends that enhanced CSP prompts increments in deals. On the off chance that outcomes show that CSP emphatically affects deals measures, it must be explored why this happens so organizations can make deals methodologies to augment the sway (Idowu et al.). An increment in deals would recommend that CSR projects help build client base on the grounds that more clients are willing to change brands to purchase the items or administrations of a socially mindful firm. An increment in gross edge, then again, would show that a few clients are willing to pay a higher cost for the items or administrations of organizations with compelling CSR programs. Methods and Procedures Both theories include dissecting the effect CSP has on two money related variables: deals furthermore, net edge. I will gauge deals two ways: absolute deals to aggregate resources proportion and aggregate deals to number of representatives proportion. It scales all out deals keeping in mind the end goal to get a more solid conclusion. Second, it measure gross edge as the gross benefit to aggregate deals proportion. Nonetheless, before it can reasonably test my theories, it imitates my information with the philosophy utilized by a past study concerning CSP and monetary execution to guarantee CSP has a huge connection with CFP (May, Cheney and Roper). Most past writing and exact studies utilization bookkeeping information to quantify monetary execution, instead of market based Measures. The three most utilized estimations for money related execution are return on assets or ROA, return on sales or ROS and return on equity or ROE. To parallel the larger part of studies, this study will c oncentrate on bookkeeping based measures of CFP and characterize monetary execution as ROA (Crane). In light of a Harvard Business Audit article, the most ideal approach to measure organization execution is ROA on the grounds that ROA unequivocally considers the resources used to bolster business exercises. It figures out if the organization has the capacity create a sufficient profit for these advantages instead of basically indicating strong profits for deals. Suggestions for dissecting CFP in light of bookkeeping measures incorporate the plausibility of contortions from expansion and predisposition from contrasts in bookkeeping routines crosswise over companies. Then again, ROA is the bookkeeping variable to the least extent liable to be controlled. It will gauge ROA as net wage separated by aggregate resources. The wellspring of the monetary information is the COMPUSTAT information sets. According to the theory or hypothesis (i) takes a gander at CSP as the autonomous variable and deals as the ward variable. Deals will be measured two ways: deals isolated by aggregate number of workers furthermore, deals partitioned by aggregate resources. In respect of the theory or hypothesis (ii) uses CSP as the free variable also, net edge as the subordinate variable. Past studies recommend that size, hazard, and industry influence both firm monetary execution and CSR, so each of these variables are controlled for in this study. Size is an essential control variable on the grounds that as firms develop, they have more assets to devote to CSR programs than littler firms. As per the littler the firm, the more improbable they are to take part in CSR projects "given their littler size of operations, asset access limitations and lower visibility. Accordingly, it control for size on the grounds that I accept that the bigger the firm, the more assets it can dedicate to CSR activities (C ragg, Schwartz and Weitzner). Notwithstanding better access to assets, bigger firms have more deceivability with the general population in light of the fact that they have bigger publicizing and advertising spending plans. Industry additionally needs to be controlled for given the distinctions in partner interest and industry-determined CSR concerns. Ultimately, the danger resilience of administration needs to be controlled for since it impacts choice making. For this study, organization size is measured utilizing aggregate resources, number of representatives, and aggregate deals. Allude to the scope of Standard Industrial Characterization or SIC codes that make up every industry. Industry is measured through sham variables for every industry. In conclusion, danger is measured utilizing long haul obligation to aggregate resources proportion. Conclusion There is a generous measure of exploration that still needs to be done concerning the connection between corporate social obligation and monetary execution. Case in point, as more solid information gets to be accessible on CSR, it might be helpful to figure out if or not the connections inspected in this study hold over the long run. The years mulled over are prerecession in the United States, so concentrating on how the retreat influenced the sway CSR has on monetary execution and whether the relationship is more grounded after the retreat would be significant data. Moreover, it would be advantageous to look at slacks other than the 1-year slack between each of the five years assessed in this study on the grounds that such confirmation would help portray to what extent it takes, by and large, for firms to procure the full advantages from CSR ventures. In addition, it might be helpful to consider the year in which the CSR projects were executed when running relapses of CSR informatio n, since past examination has found that the impact of CSR monetary execution is negative amid the first years of implementation. This examination is upheld by the thought that CSR activities oblige expansive interests in the short-run, yet create long haul returns. Moreover, the straightforwardness of CSR reporting may be a basic variable in light of the fact that in the event that partners are not mindful of the projects and organization is occupied with; their disposition and choices towards a company can't be affected. It is endeavored to quantify straightforwardness with MSGI's fake variable, yet the variety was not sufficiently high for precise results. Afresh dependable information gets to be accessible, controlling for straightforwardness while evaluating the CSR-CFP connection may reinforce the study's outcomes. A third territory still needing more research is the effect CSR has on monetary execution in particular commercial ventures. The partners of distinctive commercial ventures wish diverse things, and it would be helpful for administration to figure out how they can structure their projects to supplement the hobbies of their interesting partners the best. In conclusion, it is clearly that the CSR decidedly affects money related execution over the long haul on the grounds that it helps build the estimation of impalpable resources like notoriety and brand esteem. In this way, afresh dependable information to quantify such elusive resources gets to be accessible, it might be helpful to evaluate how CSR speculations expand the estimation of the benefits and eventually money related execution. References '9Th International Conference On Corporate Social Responsibility'.Social Responsibility Journal5.4 (2009): n. pag. Web. BertoneÃÅ'â‚ ¬che, Marc, and Rory Knight.Financial Performance. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001. Print. Boccia, Mark. 'Social Business By Design: Transformative Social Media Strategies For The Connected Company'.Perf. Improv.52.4 (2013): 53-55. Web. Bubna-Litic, David.Spirituality And Corporate Social Responsibility. Farnham, England: Gower, 2009. Print. Capon, Noel, John U Farley, and Scott Hoenig.Toward An Integrative Explanation Of Corporate Financial Performance. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996. Print. Cooper, Stuart.Corporate Social Performance. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004. Print. Cragg, Wesley, Mark S Schwartz, and David Weitzner.Corporate Social Responsibility. Farnham, England: Ashgate, 2009. Print. Crane, Andrew.The Oxford Handbook Of Corporate Social Responsibility. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Print. Crowther, David, and Nicholas Capaldi.The Ashgate Research Companion To Corporate Social Responsibility. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2008. Print. Hunnicutt, Susan.Corporate Social Responsibility. Detroit, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2009. Print. Idowu, Samuel O et al.Encyclopedia Of Corporate Social Responsibility. Berlin: Springer, 2013. Print. Malard, Neide Teresinha. 'O Estado Nacional E Sua Evoluo At Os Domnios Econmico E Social'.Nueva Epoca1.8 (2010): n. pag. Web. May, Steve, George Cheney, and Juliet Roper.The Debate Over Corporate Social Responsibility. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print. Orlitzky, Marc, and Diane L Swanson.Toward Integrative Corporate Citizenship. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire [England]: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Print. Poorthuis, Ate. 'Networked: The New Social Operating System, By Lee Rainie And Barry Wellman'.Journal of Regional Science53.1 (2013): 203-204. Web. Pounder, Bruce.Convergence Guidebook For Corporate Financial Reporting. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons, 2009. Print. Steffan, Belinda.Essential Management Accounting. London: Kogan Page, 2008. Print. Stephens, Monica, and Ate Poorthuis. 'Follow Thy Neighbor: Connecting The Social And The Spatial Networks On Twitter'.Computers, Environment and Urban Systems(2014): n. pag. Web. 'The Social Responsibility Research Network'.Social Responsibility Journal7.1 (2011): n. pag. Web. 'The Social Responsibility Research Network'.Social Responsibility Journal5.4 (2009): n. pag. Web. 'The Social Responsibility Research Network'.Social Responsibility Journal6.4 (2010): n. pag. Web. 'The Social Responsibility Research Network'.Social Responsibility Journal4.3 (2008): n. pag. Web. 'The Social Responsibility Research Network'.Social Responsibility Journal9.3 (2013): n. pag. Web. Vogel, David.The Market For Virtue. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2005. Print. Warren, Carl S, James M Reeve, and Philip E Fess.Corporate Financial Accounting. Cincinnati, Ohio: South-Western College Pub., 1999. Print. Zu, Liangrong.Corporate Social Responsibility, Corporate Restructuring And Firm's Performance. Berlin: Springer, 2009. Print.

Captivity Essays - Fiction, Ojibwe People, Guggenheim Fellows

Captivity Louise Erdrich, the author of the famous poem titled Captivity, tells a story about a married mother who has been held captive by a tribe of Indians. The poem uses a wide variety of literary elements such as sympathy, guilt, submissiveness, and tentativeness. The two main themes of this first person, six-stanza poem, are love and fear. Erdrich also uses tricksters, which are supernatural characters found in the folklores of various primitive peoples. They often function as culture heroes who are given acts of sly deception. In this poem, the narrator's captor takes on the role of a trickster. In most of Erdrich's writings, she uses multiple characters as tricksters and this reflects on her Native American Heritage (Smith 23). One of Erdrich's main writing tactics is the use of ?historical ?captivity narratives'? (Wilson and Jason 2716). One of the interesting facts about this poem is that it is based upon a true story. Erdrich gives us that feeling of truth and captivity before the poem begins. ?He (my captor) gave me a bisquit, which I had put in my pocket, and not daring to eat it, buried it under a log, fearing he had put something in it to make me love him,? (Erdrich, 26). This quote came ?from the narrative of the captivity of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson,? (Erdrich 26). Mrs. Mary was held captive by the Wampanoag Indian Tribe in 1676, when Lancaster, Massachusetts was demolished (Erdrich 26). The first stanza brings a strong feeling of some sort of imprisonment or captivity. ?But he dragged me by the ends of my hair,? (Erdrich 26). The narrator at this point is experiencing fear from her captor, however she also feels passion and love when she looks into his face. ?I could distinguish it from the others? I feared I understood his language, which was not human,? (Erdrich 26). Also, there is irony in this stanza when her captor saves her from the cold waters of the stream (Wilson and Jason 2715). In the second stanza, the tribe is pursued by white men who have ?guns loaded with swan shot,? (Erdrich 26). However, the tribe is put in danger because of her child's cries, which are from starvation. In my interpretation of the poem, she cannot ?suckle? her own child because she is so nervous and confused (Erdrich 26). Luckily for the tribe and captives, there is a woman who feeds the child ?milk of acorns,? (Erdrich 26). In the third stanza, the narrator is to the point of starvation as she tells herself not to take food from his hands. ?I told myself that I would starve/ Before I took food from his hands,? (Erdrich 26). I believe that Louise is trying to reflect the quote used before the poem taken from Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, trying to give the reader a sense of hidden desire. However, going against her will to not give in to her captor, she eats the fetus of a deer that her captor gave to her. ?He had killed a deer with a young one in her/ And gave it to me to eat of the fawn,? (Erdrich 26). The way that the narrator describes her meal is delicate, however Erdrich tells us that it is a fetus; that paints a distasteful picture for the mind of the reader. At the end of the stanza, Erdrich is very vague about what happens and leaves it up to the reader to decide the outcome. I felt that the narrator was tentative when she said, ?That I followed where he took me./ ? He cut the cord that bound me to the tree,? (Erdrich 27). In my interpretation, this is where Erdrich uses the literary element of submissiveness. I personally think that she slept with her captor because the next and last stanzas of the poem she feels guilty. In the fourth stanza, the narrator is frightened and hides herself in fear from God because she knows in her heart that she has sinned. ?After that the birds mocked./ Shadows gaped and roared/? He did not notice God's wrath./ God blasted fire from half buried stumps./ I hid my face? fearing that he would burn us all,? (Erdrich 27). Perhaps she

Article Review Essay

Article Review Essay Article Review Essay UNIVERSITY OF LA VERNE La Verne, California Article Review Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration Professor Fengmei Gong BUS 510 Management of Information Technology Chiu Ngok Lau College of Business and Public Management Department of Business Administration March, 4, 2015 Article review According to the article research, it has shown that a large number of information technology investments make economic competition, especially in traditional industries. And the main purpose of this article is that the relationship between information technology and the business competition is becoming more and more important. However, information technology invests too much, and company ignores other competitive factors, which lead company to decrease the competitiveness, so if company wants to change the pattern of competition, they need to actively put some new competitiveness. Mentioned in the article, the company could use information technology to improve their management model. Then, through good management model, it improves the competitiveness of the company. Secondly, the innovation could improve competitive advantage and also is an important means to change the competitive landscape. Of course, for the company, innovation is based on the information technology, because company wants to spread quickly, and accurately for new innovation, company should use the information technology. After that, when the company competes in a digital process, they should deploy a unified platform for information technology. In the process, company should solve two deployment of the obstacle that is fragmentation and autonomy. Company could get some common data through this platform that support and implement standardized processes, thereby enhancing the competitiveness .Next, the company could use information technology of innovation to t improve the data analysis, and speed up the business process. Lastly, in terms of communication, information technology could spread from top to bottom or from bottom to top. In the company's decision-making process, it Article Review Essay Article Review Essay Disease state such as Overweight and obese has become a significant concern in the developing countries. Obesity experienced in litigation of an extra adipose tissue in the body. Since the indirect calorimeter is not daily available for approximating energy requirements, many predicting equations have undergone improvised to rate this energy. Of recent, obese patients are at an alarming rate in the patient population. They do require nutritional support. In order to achieve this nutritional help, the resting energy expenditure of the patients is the most fundamental goal to examine. This helps to provide enough calories prevent the muscle eat up and hinder lack of minerals in the body. Indirect calorimetric and anthropometry These readings carried out using the Deltatrac metabolic monitor. It went through regulation on a daily basis before working on it. The patient was in a straight position and not asleep. The readings were in a semi-standard way that went hand in hand with the indirect calorimetric measurements. Those sick did not eat regularly during the measuring period. The readings then carried out at a standard neutral hospital room temperature. Oxygen intake and carbon dioxide released measured and energy use calculated by the weir formula (Moshe, et al 2006 P 973). The activity occurred for about 30 minutes. The use of calibrated electronic stand-up scale assisted in obtaining the weight of the body. Sex, age and the weight of the sick determined through interaction with the patient. Harris-Benedict Equations This is the most commonly used technique for obtaining energy use. In order, to change its accuracy stress factors should join hand. In this case, the body weight becomes the first variable. It becomes exact only when the body is in its normal state and when the body fat content is high the predictions become inaccurate. For obese patient’s body, weights undergo change for it to be effective in the equations. Illness and injuries increasingly complicated the estimations of energy requirements. It based largely on the healthy individuals. In the University of California, for example 65 men and 100 women found possessing the BMIs over 30. Measured energy use then divided by an estimated energy expenditure using the HB problem and the Cunningham equation to find the stress factor for injury and illness. They assumed that the stressed factors in most disease categories are in the set of 1.6 to 2.0. REE Predictive Equations It employed the concordance correlation coefficient to illustrate the use and the reliability of the forecasting equations. To obtain the CCC, we compute precision with accuracy. When, one foresees a range of 95% 105%, he would consider it a fair prediction. In addition, a prediction below that value could be viewed as underestimation but above it became overestimation. Inclusion based on age, sex, weight, and height The exclusion process had the following, which considered only the youths or the elderly (Peckenpaugh, 2010 P 601). For every study, equations are performed with respect to the high values of explained variance. However, additional equations are also fixed when weight and height come together. The average percentage of REE predictions exhibits a measure of truth on a group standard. Therefore, the HB problem is the most commonly used predicative case. This is due to its trained personnel. In addition, it can use other clinical conditions such as the presence of chest tubes, which could otherwise be impossible for the calorimetric measurements.

Environmental Geochemistry and Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Essay Example Unleaded gasoline has at least 15 hazardous substances including toluene (35%) and is classified as highly volatile and will result in vapour lock where combustion does not take place1. When mixed in water, most of the gasoline could evaporate if the water is open, but much of it cannot evaporate in underground water making a big proportion to dissolve and this will be absorbed by sediments. For aquatic organisms, this product will be quite toxic, depending on their size and resistance capability. Corrective action is necessary starting with site investigation. Hydrocarbon contamination with the groundwater should be stopped immediately. Its discharging point should be plugged and the nearest drains, water bodies should be sealed off, so that further contamination to distant water bodies does not happen. Residents could be evacuated if gasoline has already spread into drinking, using and sewage water or if that is not the case, water supply should be disconnected immediately and alternative water source should be provided. Complete groundwater monitoring should start immediately. Instead of one single action, it is better to perform by-monthly actions to remove all traces of gasoline from ground water, to ensure that dissolved contaminants are effectively vanishing. And groundwater sampling should be done on a regular basis through tracer testing. If widespread presence is detected, human exposure to it should be suspended immediately. Dissolved contamination level should be identified and ecological profile should be drawn, followed by remedial programme identified with the Corrective Action Plan. Public participation may be necessary in the entire operation to some extent. http://www-1.llnl.gov/IPandC/technology/profile/environment/DynamicUndergroundStripping/index.php This method is called Dynamic Underwater Stripping, in which steam drives contaminated water towards extraction wells. Where steam cannot penetrate, electrical heating dries and distils the clays, volcanic rocks and limestone. Heating of the soil also could do the same. It is very difficult to clean the underground contamination and this process is accepted as cost worthy, less cumbersome and minimum time consuming. Cleaning has to be done both above and below the water table. Clay has very low permeability, and the usual pump-and-treat method would be time consuming and more expensive and might not work below water level. Dynamic stripping could work even below water table, and by vacuum extraction, it could remove the gasoline and contaminated water2. This method relies on Steam Injection, Electrical heating, and underground imaging and all have proved very effective and reasonably cheaper. It has many additional advantages like being effective in low permeable soils, being capable of removing contaminant below and above water table. It is not risky to population, because the action is quick and decisive. Question 2: Gasoline (one of the Volatile Organic Compounds) contamination in ground water can cause major health hazards to people and ruin the river and water bodies' ecosystems completely. It can contaminate soil with hazardous results. MTBE in it creates alarming tension whenever leaks happen. Health of all 5,000 populations could be at risk by this environmental hazard, while the

How to get victims of rape and sexual assault to report their attack Research Paper

How to get victims of rape and sexual assault to report their attack - Research Paper Example Discussion in the paper brings this core idea to everyone’s notice. Paradoxically as it may seem, but the social pressure and the human opinion from the sidelines impacts the decision making process of those suffering from the negative phenomena of the society itself. It is all about the victims of the sexual assault and people who commit such crimes against them. It is difficult to make out the optimal remedy for getting the victims report on the cases of assault. However, all methods would be good for the sake of the final result, i.e. punishment of the criminal. In this case each individual would feel himself/herself in safety. Thus, to make a victim feel free to report on the case of rape is to provide a victim with the feeling of care, support, and security at each stage of the investigation. First of all, the current situation with law and order in the United States of America leaves much to be desired. Most of the victims living in the streets of the huge cities like New York, Chicago, Los Angeles and others take it for granted that police and the judicial system of the US cannot prevent the society from the growing threat of the crime. It means that most of the victims do not even go to police having an idea that nothing will help them in their situation. On the other hand, they do not want to disclose such a negative case in their lives so that to keep themselves on a safe side from the overall social regrets and, say, blames. The trace of rape is never easy to bear for a victim. However, the society cannot realize it to the full. Golden et al. (2010) admit in their study on the rape as a social drawback the following idea, namely: â€Å"The continued judgment of, or disdain for, victims of rape is a form of social stigmatization† (p. 160). Hereby, the way to make a victim open to the talk on such a subtle topic from his/her life is to feel keenly the scenario of the rape and the

Understanding Personality In Order To Improve Communication

Understanding Personality In Order To Improve Communication New Britain Oils is a Palm Oil manufacturer who specialises in fully sustainable Palm Oil. The organisation is a subsidiary of New Britain Palm Oil Limited which has been around since the 1980s. The organisation consists of a number of site across the globe with the main plantations growing in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands covering 82,000 hectares and employing over 10,000 workers. There are only two refinery, one in Papua New Guinea and the second is in Liverpool. Liverpool is the only site outside of Australasia and had an opening employment count of 26 in 2010, this number currently stands at 78 in 2016. The Liverpool Refinery opened in 2010 starting with bulk oil supply into 28 tonne road tankers. In 2012 the Packing Facility was opened, this plant converts some of the bulk oil into industrial margarine and other bakery fats. Since opening in 2010 New Britain Oils is now the number one supplier of sustainable Palm Oil in the UK. With the rapid growth of the Liverpool site came an increase in employees and inevitably the dynamic of the working environment changed with it. Some employees left the organisation, who have since been replaced, and new departments have been created to cope with the growth of the business. Consequently this instability has affected the productivity in some areas. This issue couldve been exacerbated by the management teams failure to recognise this variation and react accordingly. Bringing in new workers will bring in differing psychological preferences and according to Jung (1971) preferences influence our choice of careers, ways of thinking, relationships, and work habits. Richard L. Hughes et al. (2015) stated that our preferences play a role in the characteristic and unique ways we behave from day to day. Consequently, could increasing the management awareness of their teams individual preferences promote better relationships, through improved communication, within the organisati on? Mary Uhl-Bien and George B. Graen (1995) discovered that higher quality Leader-Member Exchange relationships have very positive outcomes for leaders, followers, work units, and the organisation in general, the same research also found that the development of Leader-Member Exchange relationships is influenced by characteristics and behaviours of leaders and members. This assignment will first outline what can affect the effectiveness of a leader and why increasing the value of relationships could increase the effectiveness of a leader. Using existing research it will look at why communication is a crucial tool for a leader and how an understanding of how differing personality types interact, prefer to receive information and what drives their decision making,   can enable leaders to communicate more effectively.   A recognised psychological test will be used to gather data about the psychological preferences of some of the employees across different areas of the business with the objective being to identify potential differences in preferences. The overall aim of the research is to increase the management teams awareness of some of the differing personality types within their department and understand the differences between these types. The intention is to educate the management team and give them the opportunity to adapt their leadership s tyle to promote better quality relationships through a better understanding of the individuals within their team. Literature Review Leadership Leadership has been the subject of research for a long time. Burns (1978) stated that due to its importance in human groups, the concept of leadership is one of the organisational topics that have most intrigues researchers for centuries. As a result, attempts to define leadership have proved to be an ambiguous. Leadership as simply a complex form of social problem solving (Miller and Ross 1975), leadership is directing and coordinating the work of group members (McCall Jnr et al. 1988), leadership is creating conditions for a team to be effective (Reason and Mycielska 1982). Powell and Pirsico (rev. ed. 2003) defined leadership as the process of influencing an organized group toward accomplishing its goals. All of the definitions stated have a connection which is the reference to a group or team. This implies that leadership would not exist without individuals to lead. The definitions detailed show the variation in concepts of leadership and this is reflected in the research. Some leadership researchers have focused on the leader-follower relationship and Geoff Thomas et al. (2013) stated that the reason we focus on the leader-follower relationship is because research shows that the quality of this relationship is reliably linked to follower well-being and performance. Other researchers, such as John Adair, looked at how the situation can affect the way leaders act. Adair identified that leadership is affected by three things. The task, the team and the individual and leaders need to balance their time equally between the three areas and at certain times one of the areas will dominate, but over the long run a balance would be achieved (John Adair 1982). Figure 1. shows John Adairs concept of action centred leadership. In different situations the circles will be overlapping different amounts showing which the dominant factor is. Figure 1. John Adair (1982) Researchers have studied the behaviours of the leader and what behaviours are associated with an effective leader. Leadership is earned and it is not granted by role or rite of passage (Lloyd l. Sederer 2012) and through our interactions humans sustain the effect of leadership and we interpret it even though we may not be aware that we do so (Kempster and Parry 2011). This means that leaders could be established by displaying a distinct set of behaviours which followers associate with a leadership role. Research shows that there are behaviours that can be attributed to an effective leader. These are known as The Six Cs of Leadership Credibility (Bamford, 2016) Figure 2. David Bamford (2016) Communication would fall under the Character umbrella and plays a crucial fundamental role in every business. The quality of the communication can be affected by the relationship between two individuals and a key element of the quality of the relationship is the interaction between the personalities. Different personalities and give out information in different ways and how this information is interpreted can affect the quality of the communication.   Leaders who have calm dispositions and do not attack or belittle others for bringing bad news are more likely to get complete and timely information from subordinates than are bosses who have explosive tempers and a reputation for killing the messenger (Hughes et al. 2015). Personality Many theories have been developed to explain what causes individuals to behave the way they behave and why they behave differently to other individuals. The term personality is among the most comprehensive of those in the psychologists vocabulary, clarification of its connotation to the satisfaction of a majority, even of psychologists, is difficult (John K. McCreary 1960). This view begins to explain the range of opinions as to what personality means to people. McCreary goes on to describe some the definitions as experimental, calling for criticism and inviting agreement. This belief is quite ambiguous as all definitions would fall under one of those three categories. Robert Hogan (1991) had a different approach and he stated that the term personality is fairly ambiguous and has at least two quite different meanings rather than a definition. The first meaning implies that personality is the impression a person makes on others. The second meaning is less obvious and focusses more on the unseen processes within a person which explains why we behave the way we behave. These internal processes have been categorized as traits by some researchers. Personality traits as useful concepts for explaining why people act fairly consistently from one situation to the next (Hughes et al. 2015). Traits are characteristics or habits which are specific to an individual. Traits can have one of two outcomes, such as extroversion and introversion however, individuals are not categorized into one these traits but rather they sit on a scale which may show a preference towards one of the two oppositions. If we attempt such scaling, we should remember that we are likely to constrain personalities unnaturally fitting them into one mould (Allport and Odbert 1936) Gordon Allport and Henry Odbert were theorists the idea of traits and trait names. They explored two comprehensive dictionaries and identified 17,953 trait-names in the English language. They reduced the list down to 4500 adjectives. They reported that the unfamiliarity of a large proportion of the trait-names in our list proves that our practical vocabulary is inadequate to the task of representing the complex phenomena of human nature (Allport and Odbert 1936). They arrange the traits into a hierarchy of three: Cardinal Traits the dominant trait Central Traits general characteristics Secondary Traits not obvious, such as attitudes Raymond Cattell further explored the work completed by Allport and Odbert by taking the list of 4500 adjectives and reducing it down to 171 by removing all the synonyms. Cattell was the first to collect data regarding personality traits. The outcome of the data he collected allowed him to come up with 16 personality factors which he used to come up with an assessment called the 16PF. This was one of the first attempts to measure personality. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Measuring personality is difficult because personality cannot be seen but some psychology researchers have devised tools that can be used to give results owing to an individuals psychological preferences. The most commonly used tool is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). This tool evolved over a period of 5 decades and was based on the work carried out by Swiss Psychologist Carl Jung who spent a lot of his career researching personalities within individuals. Jung defined two opposing tendencies in personality: introversion and extroversion and while both tendencies are present in all individuals, one tends to dominate the other (Almerinda Forte 2005). Along with the two opposing tendencies for personality, Jung also identified four functions relating to personality which are thinking, feeling, sensing and intuiting. Katharine Briggs and her daughter Isabel Myers both had an interest in individual differences which they brought together, including the work done by Carl Jung, which resulted in the development of the MBTI. The MBTI is a very popular tool used worldwide mainly for psychiatric patients but also the MBTI has been in extensive use in personal and management development since the early 1970s (Leary et al. 2009). The MBTI is based on the principle that the differences in behaviour from one person to another can be expressed in terms of preferences between the polarities (Amel Behaz and Mahieddine 2012) and the MBTI focuses on two primary human activities: how people gather information and how they make decisions (Richard J. Daisley, 2011). However, note that measurement is only possible if we blindly insist that people are comparable in respect to each common trait (Allport and Odbert 1936) Allen et al. (2002) adapted the Four-Part Framework developed by Susan Brock to demonstrate the difference between each of the oppositions. This is shown below: Figure 3. Allen et al. (2002) In completing the MBTI each of the individuals will demonstrate a preference for one of the two oppositions. For example the introvert/extrovert scale is based how the individual get their energy whilst the sensing/intuitive scale considers how people interpret data. The thinking/feeling scale looks at the factors people take into account when making decisions and the judging/perceiving scale considers the amount of information an individual needs before making a decision. Yuval Cohen et al. (2013) described each of the bipolar oppositions in their paper based on personality types of project managers. Figure 4. Yuval Cohen (2013) The first opposition is the most commonly associated when thinking about differing personalities: Introversion or Extroversion. There are three main differences between introversion and extroversion. Energy creation is noted as the most important difference, but the response to stimulation and the approach to knowledge are also different (Heidi Eve-Cahoon 2003). Introverts are energized by the internal world of ideas, impressions, and emotions, whereas extroverts focus outside of themselves and are energized by activities, people, and things of the outside world (Heidi Eve-Cahoon 2003). Extroverts are often seen as possessing the desirable set of personality traits for success in todays fast-paced world, on the other hand, introverts bring a whole host of desirable personality traits to the table, which need to be equally valued, nurtured, and utilized (Shelley J. Schmidt 2016). Samples for the United States suggest that 55 to 60 percent of all people are extroverts (Gardner and Martinko 1996). Fretwell et al. (2013) highlighted some data (Filbeck et al. 2005, Fox-Hines and Bowersoch 1995) relating to each of the four dimensions, which demonstrates the preferences of the U. S. population. This data agrees with other research that a greater percentage of individuals have an extroverted preference. Results of this study will demonstrate any direct correlation to the results of the U. S population. Figure 5. Fretwell et al, (2013) A similar study was documented in Training and Coaching Today (2007) which showed the findings from a recent MBTI study of 1634 individuals in the UK. Figure 6. Training and Coaching Today (2007) As New Britain Oils is situated in the UK, it is predictable that the results from this study will correlate to the results from the study of the UK individuals. As there are four bipolar oppositions for MBTI, this means that there are sixteen possible results which could be given based on the responses to the questions and the scores obtained on the bipolar scale.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Figure 7. One downside to having so many possible outcomes and factors involved is that it takes interest and effort to remember ones type (William A. Lynagh 2006). Psychology researchers and advocates of personality preferences maintain that no one type is better than the others because a team benefits from the presence of varied personality types (Cynthia Plonen 2015). The best way to think of it is that neither set of traits is better or more valuable than the other rather, they are different, often complementary, and both are needed to make the world go round, so-to-speak (Shelly J. Schmidt, 2016), however many more leaders are ISTJs, ESTJs, and ENTJs than other types (Hughes et al. 2015). Gathering data from the management team will be able to demonstrate a positive or negative correlation to this statement. Methodology The data collection process involved 25 employees from a number of departments and all of the employees who completed the questionnaire did so voluntarily. Results were obtained from 100% of the employees in two departments along with 50% of employees from another department. Shift patterns limited one department but a representative sample of 65% was obtained to provide data. In addition, 57.14% of the management team were included in the study to determine the range of the personality preferences amongst the management team. Figure 7 shows the structure of the organisation. Figure 7. Despite there being question marks over the integrity of personality measurement instruments, they are still widely used in organisations. A Humanmetrics Jung Typology Test, based on the MBTI, will be used to gather the data for this study. The questionnaire consists of 64 multiple choice questions which will result in a four letter type based on the Myers-Briggs 16 types. The Humanmetrics Jung Typology Test was selected because the results will correlate directly to the MBTI theory and also this method is more accessible for employees and allows for more data to be collected. The purpose of the questionnaire is to begin to develop an understanding of the personality types that exist within some departments of the organisation because personality questionnaires are ideal for describing personality (Luke D. Smillie 2008). The MBTI has been used widely across a number of business sectors for decades. The instrument has been extensively tested for reliability and validity (James C. Lampe 2004) and the extensive research on the instrument since its development supports its reliability and validity (Moore et al. 2004). Over 2 million copies of the instrument are sold each year (Pittenger 1993) and the MBTI is the most widely used instrument for non-psychiatric populations (A. J. DeVito 1985). Despite its depth of validation there are still many sceptics of the MBTI itself as a viable instrument and future research must use more rigorous designs before greater confidence can be placed in the results (Gardner and Martinko 1996). It has been speculated that subjects of the instrument can falsify their responses in an attempt to achieve different results. This wary approach, when questioning the validity of the responses, could be considered when the instrument is used as part of an organisations recruitment process as subjects could change their responses in an attempt to become more appealing to an employer. The organisation has 78 employees and a sample of 32% were included in the study but statistical generalisation is difficult owing to the low number of cases (Bamford et al. 2003). Some correlations can be made between the existing literature and the results of the MBTI used in the organisation but this cannot be reflective of the organisation as a whole. Findings Key Findings The key findings from the research showed that there are a range of personality types present within the organisation and out of the 16 possible personality types the individuals from the organisation fell into 9 of those types. Over 50% of the results from the individuals who took part in the study fell into 3 of the possible 16 personality types. All 3 of the common personality types included a preference for thinking rather than feeling and judging rather than perceiving. This means that 68% of the individuals included in the study prefer to be analytical, critical and make decisions objectively but those individuals only require a minimal amount of information to make decisions and as a result they can make poor decisions. ISTP ISFP ISTJ ISFJ 7 ESTP ESFP ESTJ ESFJ 1 5 3 INTP INFP INTJ INFJ 1 ENTP ENFP ENTJ ENFJ 1 1 4 2 Figure 8. Introvert/Extrovert Preference As mentioned previously, one of the dimensions that then MBTI specifically looks at is where individuals prefers to focus their energy. This dimension has two bipolar oppositions, introversion and extroversion. The data gathered shows that 68% of the individuals who took part in the research had a greater preference for extroversion. This means that more than half of the employees at the organisation prefer to work in larger groups, get their energy from people and activities. The management team could use this data to adapt their leadership style to suit some of the personality preferences within their team and using a collective approach to problem solving may prove to be more effective. Customer Service Team Personality Types 75% of the customer service team have a preference for extroversion and this would fit well with their role and responsibilities as they obtain their energy from interacting with people. Having this preference could help them to build better relationships with customers and suppliers. 100% of the customer service team had a preference for thinking which means they are more concerned with operational considerations and are able to detach themselves from the decisions they make which is a good characteristic to have relative to their role. Engineering Team Personality Types          50% of the engineering department contributed to the research and 100% of the employees who contributed showed a preference to extroversion so using team meetings when tackling engineering issues would give the extroverts the forum to think out loud, share ideas with each other and has the potential to be very effective. The Engineering Manager showed a preference to introversion and so he would prefer to take the information gathered from the team meeting and spend some time thinking about in order to come up with the most effective solution. This approach to engineering issues has the potential to be very productive by considering the individuals preferences in order to maximise their input and provide the Engineering Manager with lots of information before making decisions. Shift Workers Personality Types The responses from the shift workers presented a large amount of variation, however, 69.23% of the shift workers, who completed the questionnaire, showed a preference for extroversion. This outcome is reasonably foreseeable in having a higher number of extroverts in this department as all of the individuals work on a shift consisting of four employees. Individuals with a preference for introversion would be less attracted to work which would include them working within shifts, although only having four employees on a shift would be more attractive than organisations with high numbers of employees on each shift. 92.3% of the shift workers showed a preference for judging rather than perceiving and individuals with this preference only require a minimal amount of information before making a decision. Shift workers operate on a 24 hour rotation system therefore they work outside of normal hours and so they are expected to make quick decisions independently. Individuals who have a preference for perceiving like to intake as much information as possible before making a decision and so too many perceivers on one shift could delay decisions and corrective action which could result in reduced output from that shift. Management Team Personality Types 57.14% of the organisations management team took part on the study. The data shows that the management team fall into three different personality types: ISTJ, ESTJ and INTJ. The results showed that 50% of the individuals who contributed had a personality type of ISTJ which displays characteristics which would typically be associated with someone who is in a senior position, such as being serious, practical and realistic. 75% of the management team, which would equate to 42.8% of the total management team, demonstrated a preference for introversion rather than extroversion and these members of the management team are responsible for technical, engineering and the safety department. All of these departments are smaller, in team size, than all of the other departments and each of these members of the management team have their own individual office and so it is foreseeable that they would have a preference for introversion. The extroverted individual from the management team is responsible for a large team consisting of 20 shift workers and their workspace is located in the production area and so having the extroverted preference is advantageous to their ro le. All of the members of the management team showed preferences for thinking and judging rather than feeling or perceiving respectively. This again is a predictable outcome given their position within the organisation as this indicates that they prefer to be analytical, approach decisions objectively and pay careful attention to any potential operational impacts. Discussion The first of the four dimensions provides data on the individuals preferences towards introversion or extroversion. Samples from the United States suggest that 55 to 60 percent of all people are extroverts (Gardner and Martinko, 1996). The data obtained from this study appear to validate this statement as 68% of the individuals showed a preference for extroversion. The data in the study by Fretwell et al. (2013) noted that 70 75% of individuals in the U. S. have a preference towards extroversion and that data would correlate more closely with the data obtained in this study. The study of the U. K. showed only 52.6% of the individuals have a preference towards extroversion which is contradictory to the results of this study. Consequently more than half of the employees, involved at the organisation have a personality focused on the outside world, get motivation from interaction with other people and by doing things (Yuval Cohen, 2013). The data could be used by the management team in order to improve productivity by using groups sessions allowing the individuals share ideas. Comparison to Existing Research The data previously mentioned in the study by Fretwell et al. (2013) and the data shown in Training and Coaching Today (2007) showed results for individuals in U. S. and U. K respectively and some of those results are closely correlated to the results of this study. Dimension U.S. U.K. New Britain Oils Extrovert 70-75% 52.6% 68% Introvert 25-30% 47.4% 32% Sensing 70-75% 76.5% 60% Intuition 35-30% 23.5% 40% Thinking 60% males 40% females 45.9% 68% males 36.6% females Feeling 40% males 60% females 54.1% 32% males 33.3% females Judging 55% 58.3% 88% Perceiving 45% 41.7% 12% The similarity of results for the extrovert and introvert dimension has already been discussed but there are similarities with results for the other dimensions. The sensing and intuition dimension results are similar to the results from the studies of the U. S and U. K. albeit closer to the results from the U. S study, as there is a greater preference towards sensing. This means that the individuals prefer concrete details of a situation and rely on the five senses to observe facts or happenings (Fretwell et al. 2013)This also means that they tend to be practical, orderly, and down-to-earth decision makers (Hughes et al. 2015). When comparing the thinking and feeling dimension, the results are more closely correlated with the results for the study of the U. S. population. 72% of the individuals, in this organisation, showed a preference to thinking, however in the study of the U. K. the majority of the individuals showed a preference to feeling. This means that individual from this organisation prefer to assume a more objective approach to decisions and show more consideration to operational factors. Individuals who show a greater preference towards thinking are associated with careers such as consultants, lawyers, executives and engineers. (www.similarminds.com). The results for the final dimension show that overall the individuals from the organisation have a much greater preference for judging rather than perceiving. These results compare with the studies from the U. S. and U. K., in terms of the majority of the individuals showing a greater preference towards judging, however nearly 90% of this organisation shares this preference as were the other studies show just over 50%. This could impact the organisation because individuals with this preference tend to make up their minds quickly and as a result can make poor decisions (Hughes et al. 2015). The management team in the organisation presented results which partially correlated with the work done by Hughes et al. (2015), who stated that more leaders are ISTJs, ESTJs, and ENTJs than other types. In this organisation, the management team demonstrated personality types matching ISTJ and ESTJ however there were no ENTJ personality types from the results collected. 50% of the management team showed a personality type of ISTJ and this preference would be associated with behavioural characteristics such as being responsible, organised and punctu

Organizational Culture and Innovation Essay

Organizational culture is very important in the pursuit of innovation, which is the major source of competitive advantage in the world today. Organizational culture is central to a company’s pursuit of innovation because it refers to the beliefs, values, attitudes, tradition and overall practices within and without an organization (Hill & Jones, 2001). If the culture of the organization permits creative thinking and entrepreneurship, then innovation can certainly flourish. If the organizational culture, however, is very strict and adheres too much to its cherished traditions, routines and way of doing things, then innovation may be stifled and the organization will just rely on what has been tried and tested before. Such culture of adherence to past successes and ways of doing things will be inimical to the performance of the organization in the long run. As new factors, trends and issues in the market appear, the organization should continue to innovate and seek for ways to deliver better products and services that their clients will patronize. An innovative organization will always learn how to make best use of trends and emerging factors in its environment. There are several elements of organizational culture that can either encourage or hinder the pursuit of innovation (Johnson, 1988). The paradigm or the statement of vision and mission of the organization defines what it is all about and from there all activities in the organization are derived. There are also processes, structures and policies in place in the organization. These formal structures can enable innovation in the organization if it is not stringent and strict enough to stifle innovations. The power structures and the character of decision makers can encourage innovation. If there is openness in the leadership, this will trickle down to the grassroots level of the organization and will provide a rich backdrop where innovation can be cultivated. On the other hand, a leadership that puts a premium on seniority and too much authority fosters an adherence to established rules of conduct within the organization. In such a case, the pursuit of innovation may even be looked down as an act of insubordination. The symbols valued by the organization are also important in stimulating innovation and change. Is change and innovation valued in the organization? Are efforts to this end recognized and valued? This is also further exemplified by the rituals and routines in the organization. As innovation becomes praised and recognized throughout the organization, the members of the organization will be motivated to pursue innovation. As the formal structures encourage and praise innovation, so will it extend to the informal stories and myths of the organization. This way, ordinary employees and people at the bottom level of the organizational hierarchy will talk about the importance of innovation in the organization. Organizational culture can work for the pursuit of innovation in any given company or corporation. Organizations should deliberately work for the integration of innovation awareness in all levels. When this happens, the organization will become entrepreneurial, always looking out for means to improve and excel on their chosen niche in the market. With innovation, the organization can continue with its usual activities and it can even expand its operations to other areas where it can perform best. An organizational culture that fosters innovation is a must in this highly competitive world.

Gothic Architecture in Medieval France

Gothic Architecture in Medieval France As with most modernization, new concepts are often refined versions of previous techniques. Although structural design during the Middle Ages was already advancing at a large scale, distortions of the classical style were not too apparent until the Gothic era occurred. Taking place during a time of turmoil with the Hundred Years' War and the Black Plague, the Gothic age emerged right as European society was forced into a reflective change. With an increase in trade and a growing violation, an associated development of cities also occurred.Since it was more plausible to centralize churches and monasteries within towns, advancements of stone architecture began in order to meet the needs of the general public. First appearing in Northern France in the mid-12th century, Gothic style began mainly in these newly built or restored cathedrals. The modernization that took place within Gothic architecture directly reflected the changes that were taking pl ace within French society. The two main structural improvements of Gothic architecture were minted arches and ribbed vaulting.Building upon the design of the intersecting arches of groin vaults (primarily seen within the Romanesque period), Gothic architects created rib vaults as a result of using diagonal and transverse arches that intersected crosswise. By switching from curved to more-pointed arches, builders were able to maximize height-space and have all the arches at approximately the same level, regardless of the arches' widths. This allowed the inside of cathedrals to be very spacious and give the appearance of openness.Another structural advantage of the pointed Gothic vaults is its downward weight distribution. Because they require less reinforcement to keep them in position, large windows could be placed underneath the arches instead of supports, making it possible to let more light into the room. These areas were often filled with another prominent Gothic feature: staine d-glass windows. Although it was not originally produced during the Gothic Era, stained-glass gained its standing with its use in cathedrals.By taking advantage f the usable space under pointed arches, architects were able to replace walls with stained-glass and transfer natural light into the building, creating a colored ambiance. Abbot Auger, the Abbot at Saint-Denis (a cathedral noted for being a precursor in Gothic architecture) coined the phrase lug nova, meaning â€Å"new light† to describe the effect of the stained-glass. Aside from transmitting light into the cathedral, the windows acted as a way to present religious illustrations and depictions of Holy Scripture.Although the glass is much more unstable than the rounding stone encasement and structure, Gothic architects were able to reinforce the glass with iron and other materials to make it withstand much weathering. A structure combining glass and stone support that became typical within French Gothic architecture was the rose window, a large circular window that combined the designs of the inside and outsides of the cathedral. The aim of overstated design of cathedrals was not limited Just to the inside of the buildings.While the stonework within the churches was more minimalist, the outsides were overfed with facades of religious sculptures. Acting as a central point to these facades, rose windows were covered in detailed stone work that was best seen from outside the cathedral. It was also a notable gothic style to have the sculptures of saints in a more unassuming manner. The statues began to have individual personalities and more nonjudgmental postures, showing the separate identities of the saints. Another feature of sculptural design was gargoyles.Acting as a way to direct rain water away from the building, gargoyles have played a key part in keeping he stone cathedrals from eroding and to minimize other water damage. Although occurring during a time of struggle, the Gothic era depicts the progression of France throughout this time. The advancements and stylistic techniques that were created continued throughout much of France's history and even spilled into English regions. Considering many of the cathedrals of this time have remained in decent condition even 800 years later, it is safe to say that Gothic style has passed the test of time.